The "Out of Africa" theory is used in paleoanthropology to explain the geographic origin of modern day humans, and it asserts that modern humans evolved recently in Africa and migrated out into Eurasia, replacing all the regions that were once populated by lineages connected to Homo erectus. Forlì, Italy: ABACO. “Dynamics of Adaptive Introgression from Archaic to Modern Humans.” PaleoAnthropology 2006: 101–115. Race: The Reality of Human Differences. 1964. In the twenty years since this early research, genetic analyses have become far more sophisticated; in addition to mtDNA (which, because it does not recombine and is inherited as a single unit, can be considered only one gene), many nuclear genes now contribute to our understanding of human evolution, and the evolutionary models based on genetics have become more complicated. It…, Biological evolution is the change in the allele frequency of a gene in a population over time. The paleontological community is still somewhat divided on what that means to this ancient debate: John Hawks argues that "we are all multiregionalists now," but Chris Stringer recently disagreed by saying "we are all out-of-Africanists who accept some multi-regional contributions.". Dobzhansky was the only child of Sophia Voinarsky and of Grigory Dobrzhansky (the precise transliteration of the Russian family…, The history of how the human species , Homo sapiens sapiens, evolved is reconstructed by evidence gathered by paleontologists, anthropologists, arche…, Eve, in genetics, popular term for a theoretical female ancestor of all living people, also known as Mitochondrial Eve. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/out-of-africa-hypothesis-172030. However, it is now recognized that there are many potential explanations for the shallow roots of these gene trees: The relative effective population size of haploid loci is four times smaller than that of the autosomes, which alone causes the roots of their gene trees to be four times shallower; variations in past population sizes affect the structure and roots of gene trees; and perhaps most importantly, natural selection may have a larger effect on non-recombining loci because of the effects of linkage. “Multiregional Evolution: The Fossil Alternative to Eden.” In The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, ed. "The earliest modern humans outside Africa." Bae, Christopher J. "The Out of Africa hypothesis and the ancestry of recent humans: Cherchez la femme (et l'homme)" Gene, 585(1):9-12. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.03.018, U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, July 1, 2016. A few of the archaeological sites associated with early Hss remains in Africa include: Scholars largely agree that our modern species (Homo sapiens) originated in East Africa by 195-160,000 years ago, although those dates are clearly undergoing revision today. 1 See answer rderassa0001 is waiting for your help. Probably the most influential site for paleontologists' most recent change in understanding evolutionary processes was the 430,000-year-old Homo heidelbergensis site of Sima de los Huesos in Spain. Moore, J. H. 1994. Haeckel, E. 1884. The Out of Africa hypothesis is sometimes dubbed “Out of Africa 2” because it is not the first migration of Homo out of Africa. However, the date of retrieval is often important. The Homo-Heidelbergensis in Africa became modern humans, while the Homo-Heidelbergensis in Eurasia became the Neanderthal and the Denisovan. “‘In Ways Unacademical’: The Reception of Carleton S. Coon’s The Origin of Races.” Journal of the History of Biology 34: 247–285. Hawks, J., and G. Cochran. (January 12, 2021). 456-459, Science, January 26, 2018. K. Kris Hirst is an archaeologist with 30 years of field experience. The Out-of-Africa hypothesis proposes that a migration out of Africa happened about 100,000 years ago, in which modern humans of African origin conquered the world and completely replaced the Homo erectus, which had already established itself in regions such as Eurasia. Their DNA consists of a single chromo-some, which is inherited maternally and does not recombine. Out of Africa, American-British film, released in 1985, that was based on events in the life of Karen Blixen-Finecke, who wrote under the name Isak Dinesen. Modern man coming out of Africa interbred with the Neanderthal in the Middle East. New York: The Free Press. This entry has explored the relationship between the concept of race and evolutionary theories of the origin of modern humans, in particular the Out of Africa hypothesis. March, and M. Piperno, 127–132. The multiregional theory does not recognize Pleistocene Africans and archaic groups from Europe and Asia as different species. B. Birdsell. When it was first proposed, it was used to validate progressive political positions; it gained considerable publicity as underscoring the close relationships of living humans. According to the multiregional model, gene-flow was an integral part of the evolution of modern peoples, dispersing adaptive genes throughout the species, and any one living human is likely to have had Pleistocene ancestors from different parts of the globe. For many historical reasons, and perhaps some psychological ones, race impacts our understanding of human variation in a circular way: Folk (or social) understandings of variation (race) influence science, and conversely, science has been used to validate social meanings of race (Wolpoff and Caspari 1997). Her work has appeared in scholarly publications such as Archaeology Online and Science. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. 2002. _____. ==Supporting Evidence== '''Fossil Evidence:''' The oldest ''Homo sapiens'' fossils are found in Africa around 195,000 years ago. Consensus understanding is that Homo sapiens emerged first in Africa somewhat earlier than 200,000 years ago (200Kya). This hybrid Neanderthal also then went throughout Eurasia where he interbred with the Denisovan as well. For most, tree versus network thinking as applied to human variation was not a focus of the debate. Fossil evidence of any kind this old is rare and it may be too early to completely rule that out. Gould, S. J. 2004. Hölzchen, Ericson. As Steven J. Gould put it in 1988 (p. 21), “Human unity is no idle political slogan … all modern humans form an entity united by physical bonds of descent from a recent African root.”. However, they are a part of the construction of “race” because they represent an easily conceived and visualized mechanism to explain human differences—a process of continual isolation, branching, and separation (Caspari 2003). “Out of Africa Again and Again.” Nature 416:45–51. https://www.thoughtco.com/out-of-africa-hypothesis-172030 (accessed January 24, 2021). The Out of Africa hypothesis, the theory of a recent uniqueAfrican origin for the modern human species, was supported by early interpretations of the variation of mtDNA (Cann, Stoneking, and Wilson 1987; Stoneking and Cann 1989). "“Out of Africa” Hypothesis 1959. In 1987 biochemist Allan C. W…, “Introduction to the History of the Petty Kings”, “Civil Disobedience” (Resistance to Civil Government), “Rothschild’s Fiddle” and “The Lady with the Dog”, https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/out-africa-hypothesis, Population Genetics and the Problem of Diversity. Christine Hertler, Ingo Timm, et al., Volume 413, Part B, ScienceDirect, August 22, 2016. “Genetics of Modern Human Origins and Diversity.” Annual Review of Anthropology 27: 1–23. Richter, Daniel. Sarich and Miele (2004), for example, have argued that since the species is young, “race” must be biologically important: With little time for differences to accrue, there must have been isolation, strong selection, and different evolutionary histories. What is the Out-of-Africa theory? 2005. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. These waves of migration steadily occurred over the world and eventually became the human civilization. This gene signature is best interpreted as being the result of an encounter between the two population somewhere in Northeast Australasia. The Out of Africa theory is based on the loci whose evolutionary trees have shallow roots through the assumption that the recent root of the gene tree represents the recent root of the human species. Traductions en contexte de "Out of Africa theory" en anglais-français avec Reverso Context : Before the Out of Africa theory was generally accepted, there was no consensus on where the human species evolved and, consequently, where modern human behavior arose. Sarich, V., and F. Miele. Today, the vast majority of scholars have accepted that human beings evolved in Africa and migrated outward, likely in multiple dispersals. F. H. Smith and F. Spencer, 411–483. Many workers believed in a few (three to five) primary races (such as Africans, Europeans, and Asians), and then multiple “secondary” and “tertiary” races, all of which could be represented as branches, or twigs, on an evolutionary tree (Coon, Garn, and Bird-sell 1950). (2020, August 28). 1984. The Upper Herto Member (160,000 years BP) contained three hominin crania identified as Hss, associated with Middle Stone Age Acheulean transition tools, including, A single dispersal during MIS 5 (130,000–74,000 BP), A single dispersal during MIS 3 (60,000–24,000 BP). 5 days ago. A third and increasingly convincing human migration is the southern dispersal hypothesis, which argues that an additional wave of colonization occurred between those two better-known pulses. O. Bar-Yosef, L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, R. J. It is well accepted that the hominid lineage (the unique human lineage since divergence from the last common ancestor with chimpanzees) evolved in Africa, and for two-thirds of its 6-million-year history was an exclusively African clade. 1997. Therefore, the Out of Africa hypothesis, as it is most generally understood, posits that the African population is the unique Pleistocene ancestor of all living humans. “The Morphological Differentiation of Anatomically Modern Man in Africa, with Special Regard to Recent Finds from East Africa.” Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie 69 (3): 266–292. The Origin of Races. The evolutionary development of the hominins brain was associated with increasing social complexity and the development of what we know as culture. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas. However, it is now undeniable that we share different levels of the mixture of species which developed and died out in Eurasia. John Hawks Weblog, May 6, 2010. Paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans, also called the "Out of Africa" theory, recent single-origin hypothesis, replacement hypothesis, … This suggested that the species was young, since one interpretation of low levels of variation is that there was a genetic bottleneck in the recent past, such as would occur at speciation, and little time since then for subsequent variation to accrue. Imagine you could travel back fifty thousand years when the first humans were venturing out of Africa into Asia and southern Europe. Nicoll, Kathleen. The alternatives to the Out of Africa hypothesis are versions of “Multiregional Evolution,” a model that hypothesizes evolutionary change within the human species with gene flow between “archaic” and “modern” humans rather than evolution due to recent speciation. E. Ray Lankester. Imagine you could travel back fifty thousand years when the first humans were venturing out of Africa into Asia and southern Europe. The Out-of-Africa theory has over the years, since first proposed, transformed into fact. Colloquium X: The Origin of Modern Man, ed. Is it time to recognise the out of Australasia and Into Africa theory as a superior model? NewYork: Simon and Schuster. Conversely, the Out of Africa hypothesis has also been used to emphasize the importance of racial difference. This model of replacement without mixture in the process of recent human origin was accepted by some paleoanthropologists (Stringer and Andrews 1988) and remains an influential model in the early 2000s. Out of Africa theory Homo sapiens arose in Africa and migrated to other parts of the world to replace other hominid species, including Homo Erectus. Bräuer, G. 1978. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/out-of-africa-hypothesis-172030. Developed by Franz Weidenreich (1947) as “polycentric theory” in the 1940s, it differed from the prevailing evolutionary models in being network based rather than tree based; it was a reticulating model depicting the evolution of human populations as an intraspecific process, with gene-flow at its core. The question that the Out of Africa hypothesis addresses concerns the emergence of modern humans: Do modern human beings represent a new species that arose in Africa recently (in the last 200,000 years) and that replaced the earlier migrants? In 1959, in an area called Chalkidiki in Petralona, Northern Greece, a shepherd came across a small opening to a cave, which became visible when a … 1988. . Because of recombination, autosomal genes within the same individual will have very different evolutionary trees. Sub-Saharan Fossil Hominids and Their Place in Human Evolution.” Journal of Human Evolution 4: 297–322. The oldest known Hss site in the world to date is Jebel Irhoud, in Morocco, where the skeletal remains of five archaic. Vol. Hulse, F. S. 1963. Review of The Origin of Races, by C. S. Coon. . Advances in gene sequencing technology in the 1980s provided the techniques to sequence the mitochondrial genome, and Rebecca Cann initially compared mtDNA variants from representatives of several different populations. Therefore, while it seems increasingly likely that some gene-flow occurred between African and non-African populations both before and after the emergence of modern humans, and the “new species” version of the Out of Africa hypothesis appears to be incorrect, the importance of Africa as a central region for the evolution of recent humans is well supported. 12 Jan. 2021 . Ideology and philosophy are irrelevant to the theory as the evidence is solid. The Out of Africa theory was bolstered in the early 1990s by research on mitochondrial DNA studies by Allan Wilson and Rebecca Cann, which suggested that all humans ultimately descended from one female: Mitochondrial Eve. The inequality of Pleistocene population sizes and the evolutionary consequences of the dominance of African population size have been widely discussed (Harpending, Batzer, and Gurven 1989; Harpending 1996; Relethford 2001; Hawks and Wolpoff 2003). Tree models are unrealistic representations of the relationships between human populations because they fail to represent gene-flow between human groups (Moore 1994). ." Racial thinking and the concomitant branching models were so widely accepted that the alternative view—that of a “network” or “trellis” depicting the evolution of the human species as interconnected groups—was largely ignored, or misinterpreted (Figure 3). Quaternary International, Volume 463, Part A, ScienceDirect, January 2, 2018. “African Origins of Human Mitochondrial DNA.” In The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, ed. All of these descendants in conjunction provide excellent support for the theory that F was long out of Africa. "New Fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the Pan-African Origin of Homo Sapiens." However, the many loci that have a recent common ancestor in Africa, as well as the early appearance of many modern skeletal features there, indicate the importance of Africa for the origin of modern humans. Over the past decade or so, evidence has been piling up that although pretty much all paleontologists agree that humans did evolve in Africa and move out from there. Genetics and the Search for Modern Human Origins. Thus, the same theory can be used to support conflicting political ideologies. 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